Employee Benefits Required By Law Essays - Social Security, Economy

Representative Benefits Required by Law Representative Advantages Required by Law The legitimately required worker benefits comprise about a fourth of the advantages bundle that businesses give. These advantages incorporate manager commitments to Social Security, joblessness protection, and laborers' remuneration protection. By and large such advantages speak to around twenty-one and half percent of finance costs. Government managed savings Government managed savings is the governmentally controlled protection framework. Under current government laws, both business what's more, worker must compensation into the framework, and a specific level of the worker's compensation is paid up to a greatest cutoff. Government managed savings is required for workers and bosses. The most vital special cases are state and nearby government representatives. The Social Security Act was passed in 1935. It gives a protection plan intended to repay secured people against loss of profit coming about because of different causes. This loss of profit may result from retirement, joblessness, inability, or the instance of wards, the passing of the individual supporting them. Standardized savings doesn't pay off aside from for the situation where lost salary through loss of work really is brought about. So as to be qualified for mature age and survivors protection (OASI) just as inability and joblessness protection under the Social Security Act, an individual more likely than not been occupied with business secured by the Act. Most work in private endeavor, most kinds of independent work, dynamic military help after 1956 and work in certain philanthropic associations and legislative offices are dependent upon inclusion under the Act. Railroad laborers and United States common assistance representatives who are secured by their own frameworks and some word related gatherings, under certain conditions, are absolved structure the Act. The Social Security Program is upheld by methods for an expense demanded against a worker's income which must be coordinated purchase the business. Independently employed people are required to pay an assessment on their profit at a rate, which is higher than that paid by workers yet not exactly the consolidated rates paid by representatives and their managers. So as to get mature age protection benefits, an individual more likely than not arrived at retirement age and be completely safeguarded. A full-guaranteed individual is one who more likely than not earned in any event $50 in a quarter for a time of 40 quarters. It is feasible for a person who kicks the bucket or on the other hand turns out to be completely crippled at an early age to be named completely guaranteed with under 40 quarters. To get mature age protection benefits, secured people should likewise meet the trial of retirement. To meet this test, people under 70 can't be acquiring in excess of a built up sum through profitable work. This restriction of profit does exclude salary from sources other than productive work, for example, ventures or benefits. Standardized savings retirement benefits comprise of those advantages which people are entitled to get for their own sake, called the essential protection sum, in addition to supplemental advantages for qualified wards. These advantages can be resolved from a readied table. There are likewise both least and most extreme cutoff points to the sum that people and their wards can get. The Social Security program gives advantage installments to laborers who are excessively seriously debilitated to take part in profitable work. So as to be qualified for such advantages, a person's incapacity more likely than not existed for at any rate half year and must be normal to proceed for at any rate a year. Those qualified for inability benefits more likely than not worked under Social Security for a t least 5 out of the 10 years prior to getting handicapped. Incapacity benefits, which incorporate helper benefits for wards, are registered on a similar premise as retirement benefits what's more, are changed over to retirement benefits when the individual reaches the age of 65. The survivors' protection benefits speak to the type of extra security that is paid to individuals from a perished individual's family who meet the prerequisites for qualification. As on account of life protection, the advantages that the overcomers of a secured person's get might be far in abundance of their expense to this person. Overcomers of people, who were at present safeguarded, just as the individuals who were completely protected at the hour of death, are qualified to get certain advantages, gave that the survivors meet other qualification prerequisites. A right now protected individual is one who has been secured during at any rate six out of the thirteen quarters earlier passing. Numerous individuals consider Social Security as a retirement program. Be that as it may, retirement benefits are only one piece of the Government disability program. A portion of the Social Security charges individual pays go toward survivors protection. Indeed, the estimation of the survivors protection he/she has under Social Security is likely more than the estimation of his/her singular life coverage. At the point when somebody

Criminalization of Human and Mobility System - Free Samples

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Algorithm For Segmentation Of Urdu Script English Language Essay

Calculation For Segmentation Of Urdu Script English Language Essay Division of content assumes an indispensable job in content acknowledgment. It is indispensable to comprehend the content that is utilized recorded as a hard copy a report before creating or utilizing a model to remember it. Chain codes and so forth. In ligature model, word model is utilized at report, page and word level for division. Our calculation for division of Urdu content utilized character model and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to improve work done already. We have separated highlights from pictures and determined the greatest probability to coordinate characters in surmising calculation with a component extricated from a book test. The principle highlights utilized in the framework will be pre-handling, associated part examination, acknowledgment and division of content up to character level. The calculation will give a way to actualize a Urdu OCR framework based on the character model. Catchphrases Preprocessing, Segmentation of characters, character model, Optical character acknowledgment (OCR), max and argmax. Presentation We utilize an OCR framework/scanner to get pictures of content [1]. Into preprocessing picture will be changed over to quiet B/W picture. 1.1 Segmentation Division is partitioning a picture into littler portions or pieces [2]. Division happens on two levels. From the start level both content and illustrations are isolated for additional handling. At second level, division is performed on content to isolate sections, words, and characters and so forth. Division of content can be performed on a record, page, passage and character levels [3]. They recommended different division approaches to be specific [4]. All encompassing Method Division based methodology Division free methodology In all encompassing strategy entire word is arranged utilizing a word reference, the highlights of test input are coordinated against prepared models [5]. The restriction is that the strategy isn't useful for bigger classes and it must be utilized with the other two strategies. Division separates a word into littler fragments. The picture of the word is separated into a few elements called graphemes [4]. Division relies upon human instinct. In division free methodology character model can be utilized to link characters and structure words. For example division free methodology can be founded on Hidden Markov Model (HMM) that is a stochastic model. 1.2. Urdu Language and Text Segmentation Urdu is a cursive (composed with the characters joined) composing language. Urdu language characters are comparable fit as a fiddle and have bends that make it hard to perceive by a machine. Besides it has more than one image to speak to a character. Because of its cursive nature characters/contents in Urdu language are difficult to perceive by a PC program. A precise method is expected to perceive/comprehend Urdu characters. Urdu characters have four basic shapes Fundamental Symbols (38 Symbols) Table 1 shows the fundamental images/shapes for Urdu Language. Starting Symbols (26 Symbols) Table 2 shows the essential images/shapes for Urdu Language. Mid Symbols (40 Symbols) Table 3 shows the essential images/shapes for Urdu Language. Different Symbols This incorporates images for numbers, uncommon images like zabar, zair, paish and so on. The image tables, Table 1, Table 2, Table3 and Table 4, for Urdu language are given beneath as: Table1. Fundamental Symbols Table 2. Starting Symbols Table 3. Mid Symbols Table 4. Different Symbols We utilized Urdu content Nastaliq for our work. We removed pictures for Urdu character set like fundamental, starting, mid and different images utilizing accessible Nastaliq textual style. Writing Review In an auxiliary way to deal with content distinguishing proof, stroke geometry has been used for content portrayal and ID [6]. Singular character pictures in a record are ordered either by applying a model grouping or by utilizing bolster vector machine. Ligatures are utilized for division/acknowledgment of Urdu characters. The ligature is a grouping of characters in a word isolated by non-joiner characters like space. Their methodology in [1] utilized ligature model and it is partitioned into two phases: Line Segmentation Line division manages the identification of content lines in the picture. The picture is checked evenly from option to left bearing, upwards to downwards, looking for a book pixel. A short time later, it is resolved whether this pixel has a place with an essential ligature or an optional ligature as appeared in Fig 1. The freeman chain codes (FCC) of the ligature are contrasted and right now determined FCC of the optional ligatures. Character Segmentation The content is skeletonized and a name network is built which contains the identifiers of all ligatures in the picture. The situation of individual characters in a word is resolved. Division is finished utilizing essential ligatures as it were. Fig 1. (a) Urdu word (b) Seven ligatures (c) Three Primary ligatures (d) Four Secondary ligatures [7]. Constraints of the strategy are: right off the bat, they performed division based on essential ligatures just, along these lines, it won't separate among seen and sheen since it will disregard auxiliary ligatures for example specks. Besides, word reference of pictures put away for preparing will be gigantic. Thirdly, there are issues of over division and under division. In [8], they have proposed a ligature and word model for Urdu word division. It was done in three stages: In first stage, information is gathered. They recognized Ligatures and determined word probabilities utilizing probabilistic measure. From the information set of ligatures, all successions of words are created and positioned utilizing the vocabulary query. In the second stage, top k groupings are chosen utilizing a chose bar an incentive for additional preparing. It utilizes legitimate words heuristic for determination process. In the third stage, greatest plausible grouping from these k word successions is chosen. Their technique utilized word reference of ligatures/words, chain codes, and to discover best likely successions they utilized HMM toolbox HTK to perceive a word/ligature. They have suggested that their work can be additionally improved by utilizing the character model for Urdu content division [9]. A poor division will prompt poor acknowledgment [10]. They separated picture into littler squares, check for consistency, bunch uniform square utilizing shading comparability and recognize message in this square [11]. They utilized edge thickness based clamor identification to portion out content territories in video/pictures [12]. Division of a picture into content and non-content districts impact execution in OCR improvement [13]. They proposed line division strategy utilizing histogram balance, showed different issues and content line into ligature utilizing chain codes [14]. They introduced bouncing box based methodology for division of list of chapters in Urdu content [15]. They investigated level and vertical projection profiles for line and character division. Misclassification happens at character level [16]. They proposed content line extraction utilizing vertical projection, denoting all focuses where pixel esteems are not found and content line into ligatures utilizing str oke geometry [17]. They proposed ID of fractional words (for example associated parts) in content line and utilizing level/vertical projections to recognize words utilizing relative separation coordinating [18]. They utilized word reference for content line and ligature division in online content [19]. Issue Statement Past work has confinements that it can't effectively perform division in hardly any cases and there will be misclassification issues. In addition it can perceive a restricted arrangement of associated parts or ligatures in particular. Proposed Segmentation Algorithm We will upgrade past work by proposing an improved calculation for Urdu content division that will utilize a character model. For this reason we have made a lot of characters. There are around 114 characters barring some unique characters like zabar, zair, paish and so forth. We have utilized characters of fixed size and style in this work. We are utilizing all the varieties of each character in a composing style for example straight has three shapes a fundamental, a start and mid shapes. Our calculation utilizes a character model with Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) for division of Urdu content. As far as we could possibly know, this work has not been done already. We have disconnected content i.e., filtered pre-prepared B/W Urdu characters and we are utilizing Matlab ver. 7.12 as programming apparatus. 4.1 Our Method Our strategy is partitioned into three expansive advances: Step#1 Data Acquisition/Feature Extraction: In the initial step, calculation changes pictures of images into paired structure as a lattice. At that point extricate highlights from the pictures utilizing our element extraction program and store it into a circle. These highlights are spoken to as concealed states: X(i) = { x(0), x(1), . . . , x (k)} where every X (I) speaks to a component (in framework structure) for each shape in a Urdu character set; x (k) is a position vector in the network X (I). Step#2 Get Observed information: The watched information contain groupings of Urdu characters. In our investigation we have utilized a line of Urdu content. In the wake of gaining this sifted picture, we have changed it into paired structure. At that point removed highlights from a picture utilizing our component extraction program. This element contains a few Urdu characters in it. The calculation will filter it and perform division by figuring greatest probabilities with concealed states and finding perceptions in include utilizing HMMs. These perceptions structure discernible states: O(i) = { o(0), o(1), . . . , o(k)} where each O(i) speaks to include (in lattice structure) for each shape in watched states; o(k) is a positional vector in network O(i). Step#3 Apply HMMs: We are given: Concealed states: X(i) = { x(1), x(2), . . . , x(k)} where I = 1,2, †¦ , m (for m characters). Recognizable states: O(i) = { o(1), o(2), . . . , o(k)} where I = 1,2, †¦ , n. Introductory Distribution X(0). In a concealed Markov model the state variable x(i) is recognizable just through its estimations o(i). Presently

Julius Caesar Essays (1497 words) - Julius Caesar, First Triumvirate

Julius Caesar Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was conceived on the thirteenth day of the month Quintilis in the time of 100 BC. His complete name was Gaius Julius Caesar, equivalent to his father's. Gaius was his given name and Julius was his family name. He was a solid political and military pioneer who changed the historical backdrop of the Greco-Roman world. This paper will answer the accompanying questions: What occurred during his initial political profession? How did he become a solid tyrant of the Roman Empire? What occasions hinted at the creation of the primary triumvirate? What occurred during his rule as tyrant of Rome? What occasions hinted at his death? Julius Caesar is presumably the most renowned pioneer ever. (Award, table of dates p.1, and foreword p.xxi) At the point when he was youthful, Caesar survived one of the most noticeably awful decades throughout the entire existence of Rome. The city was ambushed also, caught by Roman armed forces twice. In the first place, in eighty-seven BC by the pioneers of the populares. (Caesar's auntie and uncle, Marius and Cinna.) Cinna was murdered the year that Caesar wedded Cornelia. The second assault against the city occurred in eighty-two BC. Marius' adversary Sulla, pioneer of the optimates, did the assault. On each event the slaughter of political rivals was trailed by the appropriation of their property. (Fowler, p.24) Caesar realized that his open talking required improvement, he along these lines reported that he was leaving to concentrate on the island of Rhodes. His teacher was the celebrated Greek rhetorician, Apollonius Molon. At the point when he was off the shore of Anatolia privateers abducted him. They requested an enormous payment for his arrival. Caesar broke liberated from the privateers what's more, caught an enormous number of them. He at that point came back to Rome to lock in in an ordinary political profession. (Award, p.9-11) In the Roman political world Pompey and Crassus tested the strength of the optimates. Quintus Latatius Catulus furthermore, Lucius Licinius Lucullus drove the optimates. Sulla was liable for making their professions. Caesar wedded Pompeia after Cornelia's passing. At that point, in sixty-five BC he was delegated aedile. The aedile was in control of the projects of the city, for example, games, exhibitions, and shows. As aedile, Caesar picked up guarantee to the initiative of the populares. (Award, p.12) Before leaving Rome to administer Spain for a year, Caesar separated from his significant other on account of a claim that she had been associated with the offense of Publis Clodius. Clodius was anticipating preliminary for breaking into Caesar's home the past December. While on his outing to Spain, Caesar was extremely effective. He returned in a brief timeframe with impressive military greatness and enough cash to take care of every one of his obligations. (Abbott, p.64) A brief time after his outing, Caesar was chosen for emissary in fifty-nine BC. He got a political union together with Pompey and Crassus. This collusion was named the main triumvirate. Pompey had an extraordinary impact through his mind blowing capacities and military eminence. Crassus was incredible through his riches. Caesar built up an arrangement to accommodate them, and afterward of preferring himself with their unified guide in achieving his own deeds. (Abbott, p.71) Caesar's motivation in the triumvirate was to increase an enormous military order. Pompey needed a piece of the eastern settlement also, land distributions for his released troops. An agrarian bill approving the acquisition of land for Pompey's officers was passed in fifty-nine BC. This law didn't turn out well with the representatives since they were narrow minded with the grounds they had added to their domains. The Senators attempted to square enactment with the assistance of Marcus Bibulus. He delayed the democratic by proclaiming that the sky were negative to enactment. Caesar dismissed Bibulus' conduct, and the rest of the authoritative program was completed. (Thaddeus, p.116) Caesar had control of three areas for five years. They were Cisalpine Gaul, Transalpine Gaul, and Illyria. Caesar got resolved to overcome and control the total of Gaul. After his thrashing of the Belgic clans in the north, and the accommodation of the oceanic clans on the Atlantic seaboard, he accepted he had vanquished the whole zone of Gaul. Caesar at that point chose to make two undertakings, one over the Rhine what's more, the second over the Straits of Dover to Britain. While in Britain, he got the accommodation of the incomparable administrator of the southeast Britons, Cassivellaunus. (Award, p.55) As I would like to think, by fifty-three BC the first triumvirate had completely broken separated. Caesar presently had an outrageous sum of individual influence, riches, and renown. His relations with Pompey had finished when Caesar's little girl Julia passed on. (Pompey was hitched to Julia.) At that point, Crassus left for his region of Syria with the goal of at

Macro-Environment Assessment of Innocent Drinks Essay Sample free essay sample

1. IntroductionThe purpose of this investigation is to break down the Macro-Environment of an organization in the UK by setting the best four variables of each PESTEL segment and elucidating the finding these will hang on the picked organization. The Macro-Environment is: ‘The outer elements which influence a company’s arranging and open introduction. what's more, are past its control’ ( World Wide Web. Focal Intelligence Machinery. co. Joined Kingdom ) The 6 Macro-Environmental elements are: Political Economic Social Technological Environmental Legal The organization being examined for this examination is Innocent Drinks. 1. 1 Company Overview Innocent Drinks was begun by three companions in 1999. They created premium smoothies consolidating 100 % products of the soil included H2O or sugar. It is one of the quickest turning worries in the UK. They give 10 % of every single total compensation to good cause and ceaselessly partake in raising support exercises. Their exchange name is straightforward. cheerfulness and well disposed. Their converge with Coca Cola in 2009 has given them opportunities to spread out into Europe. We will compose a custom exposition test on Full scale Environment Assessment of Innocent Drinks Essay Sample or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page ‘We began unpracticed individual in 1999 in the wake of selling our smoothies at a performance. We set up an enormous imprint asking individuals in the event that they figured we should surrender our occupations to do smoothies. what's more, put a canister expressing ‘Yes’ and a container expressing ‘No† in forepart of the slow down. At that point we got individuals to cast a ballot with their purges. At the terminal of the end of the week. the ‘Yes’ canister was full. so we left our occupations the accompanying twenty-four hours and got checking. Since so we’ve began doing veg pots. juices and kids’ drinks. in our interest to do characteristic. awesome. sound supplements that assist individuals with living great and expire old. ’ ( World Wide Web. innocentdrinks. co. Joined Kingdom ) 2. Full scale Audit of Innocent DrinksThe following plain cluster shows a large scale condition review of the Innocent Drinks organization. The principal section regions every one of the PESTEL factors. the second segment characterizes the central elements of every one of the PESTEL factor that will affect Innocent Drinks and the third section list the derivations these elements could hang on he Innocent Drinks organization. PESTEL POLITICAL Characterize factorsLegislation Regulations Pressure bunches Opinions DeductionPossible Treat †Trading Standards ensure buyer security by actualizing clear marking of product and elucidative fixings. Guidelines on plastic containers are constrained by the FDA and must hold fast to PET laws. Any adjustments to these resolution laws or mandates will cause abundance creation costs. Conceivable Menace †Pressure gatherings, for example, the Ad Standards Agency are at that spot to proceed onward diseases and proactively investigate the media to make a move against misleading. destructive or violative advertizements. Conceivable Threat †Department of Health can do adjustments to stock requests, for example, conclusion that Innocent Smoothies contain 2 of your 5 a twenty-four hours. This again could cause abundance creation costs. Conceivable Menace †Poor financial developing = less passing force. Costss of vitality and fixings represent a hazard in today’s monetary clime. Conceivable Menace †in 2010. an equity decided that the organic product fixings utilized in Innocent Smoothies was to be skilled to VAT. notwithstanding regular fixings or flotsam and jetsam supplement being permit off. Not just does his expansion costs for the organization yet they chose to venture out to a council and this would be well more cash and clasp. Conceivable Threat †Inflation influences fiscal estimation of product. Conceivable Threat †Innocent Drinks need to happen producers that are happy to work with the hard and questioning coordinations of doing the beverages without included fixings. Wellbeing Opportunity †Health benefits Business moralss incorporate 100 % organic product with no additional Consumer fixings and contain 2 of your 5 a disposition twenty-four hours. Brand picture Opportunity †Great concern moralss incorporate the Innocent establishment. 10 % of total compensations go to good cause. They give top of the line hands on conditions and natural product is morally developed. Guiltless beverages are guaranteed by the Rainforest Alliance. Opportunity †guiltless beverages perceive customer request and make stocks to run into those requests. Purchasers are eager to pay a premium for their stocks because of the 100 % natural product/veg content. stock grouping and quality fixings. Opportunity †Innocent Drinks are a certain exchange name with extraordinary health advantages and common fixings. They have an alone temper and are simple recognizable. Advancement Opportunity †Constant pioneers Social Media including †Product. ethos. Nearness bundling and fixings. Squander Opportunity †Big cultural Manufacturing media/web nearness that gets across progresss their ethos while staying joy and synergistic. Opportunity †Waste bearing incorporates: â€Å"Use less: as little stuff as conceivable per contingent Don’t go through new material: travel for each piece much reused or potentially sustainable stuff as conceivable Close the cringle: utilization stuffs and regiment arranges that are anythi ng but difficult to reuse Lower its effect: purposefully keep away from high C materials† ( World Wide Web. innocentdrinks. co. uk ) Opportunity †Innocent Drinks are constantly trying to better manufacture methods. they as of now has marks on their stocks that are 25 % reused. Atmosphere Possible Threat or chance †modification Areas where organic product is developed are Boxing altogether affected by atmosphere Corporate adjustment yet Innocent Drinks are acceptable cultural known for working tirelessly to obligation chop down their Carbon Footprint. Staff Morale Opportunity †Packaging is to the full reclaimable and contains reused plastic. Names are 25 % reused. Opportunity †Probably Innocent Drinks greatest possibility is their corporate cultural obligation which incorporates: Health. transport. rainforest confederation emancipation. supplement detail mis add to under 20 % of their general C footmark. bundling/squander/reusing non just with creation yet is other than proceeded all through their workplaces. Honest establishment and immutable cause work. Opportunity †staff resolve is deliberately high because of an inviting. respecting working condition. Purchaser Possible Threat †â€Å"The creation. assurance Torahs treating. dissemination. retail. Industry bundling and marking of foodspecific materials are administered by a mass of statutes Torahs. statutes. codifications of example Employment and guidance. † ( World Wide Web. supplement. gov. Joined Kingdom ) Torahs Any adjustments in these Torahs or Acts statutes can affect altogether on creation costs. Conceivable Menace †Changes to work Torahs and Acts, for example, the supplement models act could constrain Innocent Drinks to do significant housing to the way they deal with their interests 3. The Economic Impact †What can Innocent Drinks do to downplay the effect? With the current hapless financial developing and a change in buying structures. it is fundamental for Innocent Drinks to bestow buyer dispensing in their manner by transforming their opponents shortcomings into possibilities. A huge member in the sodas advertise is PepsiCo. They are much of the time blamed for their stocks being exorbitantly sweet with included sugar and unhealthy substance. This is a decent possibility for Innocent Drinks to play to their quality of making stocks that contain just 100 % natural product with no additional fixings to elevate buyers to go to Innocent Drinks stocks. Proceeding with their solid exchange name picture and remaining by their ethos will ideally keep up their commercial center stable. Honest Drinks can other than claim to bring down salary customers by making offers. Perhaps inside markets where the product is purchased in bigger measures. 3 for 2 offers could b e applied in this way promising gross incomes. 4. What could go on to Innocent Drinks in the event that it did nil about this financial issue? On the off chance that Innocent Drinks are non aware of the monetary elements affecting buyer purchasing structures so they can non fix or be after a plan to fight these adjustments. During a downturn. buyers will change their buying wonts to suit their current monetary situation and this could great mean they change to an exchange name with more an incentive for cash in spite of it being of lesser quality. This will affect net gain fringes and conceivably lead to massive losingss for the Innocent Drinks organization. 5. DecisionPESTEL Analysis is an extremely utile apparatus for comprehension the ‘big picture’ of an organisation’s situation. It features possibilities and hazards and by understanding the large scale condition. the organization can exploit the odds and limit the dangers. Explaining a key program on the aftereffect of the PESTEL Analysis gives a strong program to the organization to turn in the great beyond. This investigation has really featured to me how much the large scale condition is out of an organizations control. Consciousness of the large scale condition is an organizations best resistance component and it is the solitary way to fix for these variables in the most ideal way. Albeit Innocent Drinks have tonss of chance inside socio-social and innovative components these can simple be placed into peril by the threats inside different elements. I think Innocent Drinks have an extraordinary ethos and a solid exchange name picture. which will help them throu gh this extreme monetary clime however they should be constantly perceptive of their potential threats and competitio

Essay Topics For Nonfiction Writing

Essay Topics For Nonfiction WritingThe first step in choosing essay topics for a nonfiction writing assignment is to look at the type of topic you're interested in covering. You may find that some of the best nonfiction writing essays are about personal stories, such as those told in books or articles. Other topics are more interesting, for example memoirs. But sometimes a reader will be intrigued by a certain kind of subject matter, such as crime stories, but you'll be more interested in writing a comprehensive overview.As you select your topic, it's important to determine whether you want to write a short report, which takes less time to write, or a book-length work. If you only have a couple of days or weeks to cover the topic, it's best to focus on a smaller, concise topic. For example, a short nonfiction essay may only need ten or fifteen pages to finish, while a novel may need hundreds of pages. But if you have the luxury of time, a long-form essay might be better suited to you r needs. At this point, it's possible to use the timeline method, which would require you to write a draft first and revise as you go along.Next, you'll want to choose the background for your topic. Many essay topics are geared toward a specific type of topic. For example, if you are interested in following a character through an historical period, your background may be in the contemporary period, and the writers who choose this type of essay often have an idea of what period they're talking about. In this case, simply research the period that you would like to follow.Once you have chosen your topic, it's time to choose the style you'd like to utilize. You can either choose to write an essay, as is traditionally done, or you can choose to write a history or biographical work. If you're choosing to write an essay, you may want to follow the tried and true guide to writing essays with several variants, such as the textbook essay, the panel essay, and the thesis essay. Try to determin e which essay style will best match your topic. For example, if you want to write a comprehensive report, you may need to write a rather lengthy report, instead of just one, but if you only have a few hours to devote to the topic, you may want to save the essay format for a shorter report. If you are writing a history or biography, you may want to write a single-page dissertation, but if you are writing a book, you may want to produce a multi-page book or encyclopedia-style piece.Finally, decide how much detail you want to include in your essay. Some of the most popular essays use only a few hundred words to make a point, while others may take up to three thousand words. Some students prefer to have the entire text to include the key points of their argument. Others don't care what the text looks like and prefer to leave a bit of the text blank for their essays to remain readable.Essay topics for nonfiction writing are one of the most used topics when it comes to assignments. They p rovide students with a sense of personal identity and an opportunity to explore aspects of life and culture that may not be addressed in regular courses. Additionally, a good essay will allow students to uncover new information that may be unavailable to them in other areas of study.The way to go about writing an essay about your topic should include the background of the topic, the style of writing, and the amount of information that should be included. With this information, you can then create a topic outline. This outline should clearly indicate where your essay should be divided, how long it should be, and what to include in your writing.

The Significance of the First Amendment - Free Essay Example

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the freedoms of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly.1 Most Americans agree that these freedoms are important, but every American should also consider why this amendment is important and whom this amendment protects. For instance, does freedom of religion protect individuals, religious groups, or non-religious people, and why is it important that people can freely worship? For that matter, does this part of the Constitution prohibit the government from ever interacting with religion? The freedoms of religion, press, assembly, petition, and speech established by the First Amendment protect different people, and although these freedoms are vital to the American law system, their extent has been debated and sometimes reinterpreted throughout the years. First, freedom of religion keeps the government from forcing beliefs on religious and secular groups alike, but the supposed wall of separation between church and state often associated with this freedom is much more complicated than many people think.2 The First Amendment states that the American government is not allowed to establish an official American church or keep people from following a certain religion. This protects religious groups from governmental oppression and allows people the choice not to associate with any religion. However, this part of the First Amendment is much less straightforward than it seems. In the 1962 Engle v. Vitale case, official school prayers were deemed unconstitutional, but in 1996, the Court ruled in favor of an after-school religious group that wanted to gather in a public school. In Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972), Amish people were permitted to break state laws by skipping high school for religious reasons, but in Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990), Native Americans were not permitted to break the law by using drugs in their ceremonies.3 With so many seeming contradictions in these cases, how are Americans to know which religious behaviors will be supported by the government and which will not? This question remains unanswered by the Supreme Court. Second, freedom of the press allows the media to publish works opposing injustice without fear of government punishment. Even when the Constitution was written, newspapers were an important source of information, and today, the media are more prevalent in American politics and culture than ever before. The First Amendment ensures that publishers, reporters, news sites, and other media sources cannot be punished for stances that oppose government actions and decisions. This allows news companies and other forms of media to freely inform the public, speaking out against any unconstitutional or wrong behavior. Again, though, this freedom is open to some interpretation. Media sources can be sued for harmful, false statements such as slander and libel. However, in the 1964 case New York Times Company v. Sull ivan, the Court stated that when making statements about public figures and institutions, news sources can make false statements or conjectures if unaware of the statements falsity.4 This decision attempts to balance the freedom of the press with the rights of public figures and companies. However, with the increasing amount of subjective, unproved accusations and opinions clouding the modern media, the question should be asked: Does the presss right to freedom outweigh the importance of the truth? Third, freedom of assembly protects oppressed groups and protesters who want to stand against injustice, in addition to any other groups that gather together. Essentially, this freedom means that as long as a group activity, meeting, or other assembly is not breaking the law, the government cannot intervene in the groups activities. Much like freedom of the press, freedom of assembly keeps those who stand against government injustice from punishment. This freedom is also similar to fre edom of religion, because both protect religious people from government interference in their services and meetings. Peaceful congregations with others are critical to spreading religious, political, and cultural ideas and movements, and the First Amendment ensures that the government cannot hinder people from participating in these assemblies. The civil rights movement and the suffrage movement both owe much of their success to the right of assembly; without this freedom, the government could have easily shut down these movements before they gained momentum.5 Though most government rulings on this freedom have been reasonable, there is one ruling that could be used to justify undue government interference in assemblies. In Cox v. New Hampshire (1941), the Supreme Court ruled that the government can institute time, place, and manner restrictions on large assemblies.6 If applied in a certain context, this case could be used to argue that limiting freedom of assembly is permissible. Fourth, the freedom to petition the government protects anyone who asks the government to fix a problem, right a wrong, or address an injustice. Unlike most other First Amendment freedoms, freedom to petition allows people to take their complaints, perspectives, and issues directly to the government. This freedom makes it very difficult for the government to ignore the peoples pleas; it forces the government to listen to the people it represents and consider the problems they see in society. A case as recent as 2010 dealt with the complexities of this freedom. In Doe #1 v. Reed, the Court decided that releasing the names of petition signers to the public is constitutional, even when the petition signers are uncomfortable with this release. Many, including dissenting Justice Clarence Thomas, believe that releasing such information violates the First Amendment and could lead to harm or harassment for petition signers.7 Finally, freedom of speech is perhaps the most important of these freedoms, because it protects all people in America. The freedoms of press, religion, assembly, and petition all protect certain groups, but freedom of speech protects all Americans, no matter which groups they are or are not part of. This freedom is especially important today. As communication via the internet and technology becomes increasingly common, Americans need the assurance that the government will not prevent people from sending messages, making posts, or otherwise making statements on political or religious opinions. Freedom of speech is vital to the other freedoms granted in the First Amendment: It allows people to speak about religion, to speak or write for the press, to speak out in rallies and gatherings, and to speak to the government via petitions. This freedom also goes beyond the other freedoms, allowing anyone, anywhere in America, to speak. Like all other First Amendment freedoms, this freedom also has led to some debate. Perhaps the most shocking case inv olving freedom of speech is Brandenburg v. Ohio, a 1969 case in which the Supreme Court ruled in favor of a Ku Klux Klan members right to free speech.8 This decision, especially when viewed from a modern perspective, leads to some very serious questions about whether everyone should be allowed free speech. In conclusion, the First Amendment freedoms of religion, press, assembly, petition, and speech protect American people and various groups, but are the center of many debates and questionable court rulings. Freedom of religion protects religious and non-religious people alike from government discrimination, but unpredictable exceptions given to certain religious groups by the government are problematic. Freedom of the press allows members of the media to write and speak freely, but this can come at the cost of objectivity in journalism. Freedom of assembly allows groups to peacefully gather without government interference, but the Cox v. New Hampshire ruling could threaten this freedom. While the freedom to petition allows people to address government officials directly, the release of petition signers names makes many uncomfortable. Finally, freedom of speech allows all Americans to speak their opinions and beliefs, even though this is not always a good thing. All in all, the freedoms granted by the First Amendment are some of the most important freedoms granted to the people of the United States, which is why it is so important that the government address the problems with these rights, clarify the laws regarding them, and take care when interpreting this amendment in the future.

E Commerce A Storage Environment - 1025 Words

We use database in our everyday life and some of the common uses of databases are given below: †¢ Personal Cloud Storage: When in our any type of storage device like a phone or a tablet we are saving documents like a photo or an audio file we are saving it in a cloud. Now the cloud here is a storage environment presented to us by syncing data through a powerful database, we not only store data but can call the data anytime and retrieve it. †¢ Social Media: User information is required by every social media platform which is stored by databases to provide the end user with recommendation of friends, topics, businesses and products of preference. †¢ E-commerce: Database is used by any type of online organization to orient and organize their†¦show more content†¦Databases of extreme power are needed to track information regarding day to day basis transactions and even to predict future of the finance world using financial models. †¢ Weather: Prediction of weather is a complex process and depends on numerous factors. These factors are gathered by databases and stored to be analyzed and the resultant report is sent to a weather channel or an in your smartphone. Data taken in by a weather company per day can be of size 20 terabytes. For supporting such data the company uses databases like MySQL, Cassandra and many more. †¢ Government Organizations: For various purposes such as research, legislation, defense and many more, information is collected frequently by government organizations .Very powerful and advanced database systems are used to collect, store and analyze such information. †¢ Online Television Streaming: Netflix is an example of online television streaming service which uses database to generate a list of TV shows and movies to its user, keep track of preference and also to provide a list of shows for recommendation. Highly advanced database management system is required for analyzing such huge amount of data, for example Cassandra. Importance of Non-relational databases †¢ In comparison to relational databases, NoSQL databases are better at providing superb performance while handling data of large scale and variable structures

E Commerce A Storage Environment - 1025 Words

We use database in our everyday life and some of the common uses of databases are given below: †¢ Personal Cloud Storage: When in our any type of storage device like a phone or a tablet we are saving documents like a photo or an audio file we are saving it in a cloud. Now the cloud here is a storage environment presented to us by syncing data through a powerful database, we not only store data but can call the data anytime and retrieve it. †¢ Social Media: User information is required by every social media platform which is stored by databases to provide the end user with recommendation of friends, topics, businesses and products of preference. †¢ E-commerce: Database is used by any type of online organization to orient and organize their†¦show more content†¦Databases of extreme power are needed to track information regarding day to day basis transactions and even to predict future of the finance world using financial models. †¢ Weather: Prediction of weather is a complex process and depends on numerous factors. These factors are gathered by databases and stored to be analyzed and the resultant report is sent to a weather channel or an in your smartphone. Data taken in by a weather company per day can be of size 20 terabytes. For supporting such data the company uses databases like MySQL, Cassandra and many more. †¢ Government Organizations: For various purposes such as research, legislation, defense and many more, information is collected frequently by government organizations .Very powerful and advanced database systems are used to collect, store and analyze such information. †¢ Online Television Streaming: Netflix is an example of online television streaming service which uses database to generate a list of TV shows and movies to its user, keep track of preference and also to provide a list of shows for recommendation. Highly advanced database management system is required for analyzing such huge amount of data, for example Cassandra. Importance of Non-relational databases †¢ In comparison to relational databases, NoSQL databases are better at providing superb performance while handling data of large scale and variable structures

Animal Rights Should Be Afforded On The Basis Of Morality

Animal Rights Although there may be many arguments regarding the proper treatment of animals, rights are a major concern. Humans have domain over animals and therefore act in a responsible way towards them. Affording animals certain rights would improve their living conditions as well as human’s conditions, and increase the awareness of the consequences humans may face due to their maltreatment. Animal rights should be afforded on the basis of morality. As a society of moral and just people, it would be wrong to mistreat animals. The treatment of these animals must be protected by some form of rights. Different animals are consumed by humans in different countries. The animals which are socially acceptable for human consumption vary among†¦show more content†¦Yet animals are affected in many other ways. Animals are being raised solely for human consumption. The animals are raised in overcrowded conditions, kept on dirty conditions, and bred unnaturally. Most Americans would not stand for this treatment of their pets, such as dogs and cats, there should be no difference for other animals. Furthermore, many of the conditions in which animals for human consumption are being raised in would be illegal if imposed on a dog or cat. In the spirit of thanksgiving, the conditions of turkeys shall be highlighted. Wild turkeys live, on average, twelve years and weigh about eighteen pounds. Sadly, farm-raised turkeys live approximately four and a half months and weigh thirty-five pounds. In the wild, turkeys value their family. In fact, turkey brothers stay together for the entirety of their lives. In contrast, turkeys raised on a farm for human consumption are mixed up and treated as a product on a conveyor belt, literally. Animals are being removed from their natural habitats; they are being reproduced and raised on farms for mass production. During this process, the conditions may be poor, chemicals and genetic mutations often take place. All for the benefit of humans, or what is seems. There are many studies and reports outlining the negative impacts of these farms. With stricter rights imposed on animals, society’s health may actually see improvements and

Social Learning Theory and Its Application to Aggression...

Social learning theory proposes that social learning occurs when the individual views a modeled behavior that they value, observes an act if the model has a role model or admired status, and when a person imitates a learned behavior (Bandura, Ribes-Inesta, 1976). The basic foundations of the theory are applied to education policies, understanding psychological disorders, training courses, behavioral modeling, in the media and has a plethora of further applications in today’s society. Another application of the theory is for criminals, violence and aggression. Whether referring to violence in the media, domestic violence, community violence, bullying and others, aggression and violent behaviors can by dissected and expounded using social†¦show more content†¦This experiment was very controversial as Bandura sought to prove that aggression was learned through imitation of others. Children between the ages of three and six were brought in to a room with an adult in one corner and the child in the other. The child’s side contained fun activities while the adult’s side contained a toy set, a mallet and a Bobo doll. The child was told that the toys in the adult corner were only for the adults. In three different groups, children were either subjected to an aggressive adult that would punch and kick the Bobo doll, a non-aggressive adult that would play with the small toys and ignored the Bobo doll and another group where no adult was present. After the ten minute session the child was brought into another room with many toys and after only two minutes, the child is told that they are no longer allowed to play with those toys. The frustrated children were then brought back into the first room, where the experiment sought to measure the physical and verbal aggression, the amount of times the mallet was used as other forms of aggression and other forms of aggression that did not show imitation of the original adult. The experiment found th at children exposed to the aggressive adult were more likely to act more aggressively than the others. The study also found that boys were much more likely to be aggressive and that imitation increased when the model was of the same sex (Bandura, Ross, Ross, 1961).Show MoreRelatedAn Explanation Of An Instinct Theory1547 Words   |  7 PagesAggression is defined as the intention to cause physical or psychological harm to oneself, an object, or another, in a form that is not socially sanctioned. 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Understanding the Effect of Customer Relationship Management Efforts on Customer Retention and Customer Share Development free essay sample

The results show that affective commitment and loyalty programs that provide economic incentives positively affect both customer retention and customer share development, whereas direct mailings influence customer share development. However, the effect of these variables is rather small. The results also indicate that firms can use the same strategies to affect both customer retention and customer share development. ustomer relationships have been increasingly studied in the academic marketing literature (Berry 1995; Dwyer, Schurr, and Oh 1987; Morgan and Hunt 1994; Sheth and Parvatiyar 1995). An intense interest in customer relationships is also apparent in marketing practice and is most evident in firms’ significant investments in customer relationship management (CRM) systems (Kerstetter 2001; Reinartz and Kumar 2002; Winer 2001). Customer retention rates and customer share are important metrics in CRM (Hoekstra, Leeflang, and Wittink 1999; Reichheld 1996). Customer share is defined as the ratio of a customer’s purchases of a particular category of products or services from supplier X to the customer’s total purchases of that category of products or services from all suppliers (Peppers and Rogers 1999). To maximize these metrics, firms use relationship marketing instruments (RMIs), such as loyalty programs and direct mailings (Hart et al. 1999; Roberts and Berger 1999). Firms also aim to build close relationships with customers to enhance customers’ relationship perceptions (CRPs). Although the impact of these tactics on customer retention has been reported (e. g. , Bolton 1998; Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett 2000), there is skepticism about whether such tac- C Peter C. Verhoef is Assistant Professor of Marketing, Department of Marketing and Organization, Rotterdam School of Economics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam. The author gratefully acknowledges the financial and data support of a Dutch financial services company. The author thanks Bas Donkers, Fred Langerak, Peter Leeflang, Loren Lemon, Peeter Verlegh, Dick Wittink, and the four anonymous JM reviewers for their helpful suggestions. The author also acknowledges the comments of research seminar participants at the University of Groningen, Yale School of Management, Tilburg University, and the University of Maryland. Finally, he acknowledges his two dissertation advisers, Philip Hans Franses and Janny Hoekstra, for their enduring support. tics can succeed in developing customer share in consumer markets (Dowling 2002; Dowling and Uncles 1997). Several studies have considered the impact of CRP on either customer retention or customer share, but not on both (e. g. , Anderson and Sullivan 1993; Bolton 1998; Bowman and Narayandas 2001; De Wulf, Odekerken-Schroder, and Iacobucci 2001). A few studies have considered the effect of RMIs on customer retention (e. . , Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett 2000). In contrast, the effect of RMIs on customer share has been overlooked. Furthermore, most studies focus on customer share in a particular product category (e. g. , Bowman and Narayandas 2001). Higher sales of more of the same product or brand can increase this share; however, firms that sell multiple products or services achieve share increases by cross-selling other products. Moreover, no study has consider ed the effect of CRPs and RMIs on both customer retention and customer share. It is often assumed in the literature that the same strategies used for maximizing customer share can be used to retain customers; however, recent studies indicate that increasing customer share might require different strategies than retaining customers (Blattberg, Getz, and Thomas 2001; Bolton, Lemon, and Verhoef 2002; Reinartz and Kumar 2003). Prior studies have used self-reported, cross-sectional data that describe both CRPs and customer share (e. g. , De Wulf, Odekerken-Schroder, and Iacobucci 2001). The use of such data may have led to overestimation of the considered associations because of methodological problems such as carryover and backfire effects and common method variance (Bickart 1993). Such data cannot establish a causal relationship; indeed, the argument could be made that causality works the other way (i. e. , I am loyal, therefore I like the company) (Ehrenberg 1997). Longitudinal data rather than cross-sectional data should be used to establish the causal relationship between customer share and its antecedents. Journal of Marketing Vol. 7 (October 2003), 30–45 30 / Journal of Marketing, October 2003 I have the following research objectives: First, I aim to understand the effect of CRPs and RMIs on customer retention and customer share development over time. Second, I examine whether the effect of CRPs and RMIs on customer retention and customer share development is different. My study analyzes questionnaire data on CRPs, operational data on the applied RMIs, and longitudinal data on customer retention and customer share of a (multiservice) financial service provider. Literature Review CRPs and Customer Behavior Table 1 provides an overview of studies that report the effect of CRPs on customer behavior, and it describes the dependent variables, the design and context of the study, the CRPs studied, and the effect of CRPs on behavioral customer loyalty measures (which can be self-reported or actual observed loyalty measures). Table 1 shows that the results of studies that relate CRPs to actual customer behavior are mixed. RMIs and Customer Behavior Table 2 provides an overview of the limited number of academic studies that consider the effect of RMIs. The majority of the studies have focused on loyalty or preferential treatment programs, and the results show mixed effects of these programs on customer loyalty. Despite the intensive use of direct mailings in practice, their effect on customer loyalty has almost been ignored. More important, the effect of RMIs on customer share development over time has not been investigated. tomer relationship largely depends on the applied RMIs (Bhattacharya and Bolton 2000; Christy, Oliver, and Penn 1996; De Wulf, Odekerken-Schroder, and Iacobucci 2001). Moreover, because of the increasing popularity of CRM among businesses, an increasing number of firms are using RMIs. In the model, I also include customers’ past behavior in the relationship as control variables, which might capture inertia effects that are considered important determinants of customer loyalty in business-to-consumer markets (Dowling and Uncles 1997; Rust, Zeithaml, and Lemon 2000). Past customer behavioral variables (e. g. , relationship age, prior customer share) can also be indicators of past behavioral loyalty, which often translates into future loyalty. Prior research suggests that the type of product purchased in the past is an indicator of future cross-selling potential (e. g. , Kamakura, Ramaswami, and Srivastava 1991). Hypotheses CRPs Relationship marketing theory and customer equity theory posit that customers’ perceptions of the intrinsic quality of the relationship (i. e. , strength of the relationship) and customers’ evaluations of a supplier’s offerings shape customers’ behavior in the relationship (Garbarino and Johnson 1999; Rust, Zeithaml, and Lemon 2000; Woodruff 1997). The most prominent perception representing the strength of the relationship is (affective) commitment (Moorman, Zaltman, and Desphande 1992; Morgan and Hunt 1994). Because satisfaction and payment equity are important constructs with respect to the evaluation of a supplier’s offerings (Bolton and Lemon 1999), I included these three constructs in the model. The two categories of constructs differ in terms of both content and time orientation: Affective commitment is forward looking, whereas satisfaction and payment equity are retrospective evaluations. In the customer equity and relationship marketing literature, other CRPs that are not included in my model are often studied. Trust and brand perceptions are the most prominent of these variables (Morgan and Hunt 1994; Rust, Zeithaml, and Lemon 2000). I did not include brand perceptions because the focus is on current customers. My contention is that the brand is especially significant in attracting new customers. During the relationship, the brand probably influences affective commitment (Bolton, Lemon, and Verhoef 2002). I did not include trust, because trust should be considered merely an antecedent of satisfaction and commitment (Geyskens, Steenkamp, and Kumar 1998). No direct effect on customer behavior should be expected. Affective Commitment Commitment is usually defined as the extent to which an exchange partner desires to continue a valued relationship (Moorman, Zaltman, and Desphande 1992). I focus on the affective component of commitment, that is, the psychological attachment, based on loyalty and affiliation, of one exchange partner to the other (Bhattacharya, Rao, and Glynn 1995; Gundlach, Achrol, and Mentzer 1995). Customer Relationship Management Efforts / 31 Conceptual Model Figure 1 shows the conceptual model. In this model, I consider customer retention and customer share development between two periods (T1 and T0) as the dependent variables, which are affected by CRPs and RMIs. Because I consider customer retention and customer share development as two separate processes, relationship maintenance and relationship development, the underlying hypotheses of the model explicitly predict that different constructs of CRPs, and different RMIs influence customer retention and customer share development. The rationale for this distinction is that a customer’s decision to stay in a relationship with a firm may be different from his or her incremental decision to add or drop existing products. Consistent with this notion, Blattberg, Getz, and Thomas (2001) argue that customer retention is not the same as customer share, because two firms could retain the same customer. Reinartz and Kumar (2003) suggest that relationship duration and customer share should be considered as two separate dimensions of the customer relationship. Bolton, Lemon, and Verhoef (2002) propose that the antecedents of customer retention might be different from the antecedents of cross-buying behavior. I explicitly address these differences in the hypotheses. The inclusion of CRPs as antecedents of retention and customer share development is based on relationship marketing theory, which suggests that CRPs affect behavioral customer loyalty. I included RMIs because a successful cus- TABLE 1 Overview of Studies on Effect of CRPs on Behavioral Loyalty Examples of Studies Study Design Study Context Included Perceptions (Effect) Additional Results/Comments Behavioral Loyalty Measurement Self-Reported Purchase intentions Anderson and Sullivan (1993) Morgan and Hunt (1994) Cross-sectional Cross-sectional Cross-sectional Longitudinal Cross-sectional Cross-sectional Retailing Retailing Car market Theater visitors Satisfaction (+), commitment (–) Satisfaction (+) Commitment (+) Relationship quality (+) Satisfaction (+) Various industries Channels Benefits (+), commitment (+) Service quality (+) Experiment Various industries Satisfaction (+) 32 / Journal of Marketing, October 2003 Zeithaml, Berry, and Parasuraman (1996) Garbarino and Johnson (1999) Mittal, Kumar, and Tsiros (1999) Macintosch and Lockshin (1997) De Wulf, OdekerkenSchroder, and Iacobucci (2001) Bowman and Narayandas (2001) Cross-sectional Grocery brands Gruen, Summers, and Acito (2000) Bolton (1998) Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal Cross-sectional Professional association Telecommunications Credit card Car market Commitment (0) Satisfaction (+) Satisfaction (+), payment equity (+) Satisfaction (+) Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett (2000) Mittal and Kamakura (2001) Lemon, White, and Winer (2002) Longitudinal Entertainment Satisfaction (0) Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal Telecommunications, entertainment Credit card Financial services Satisfaction (+) Bolton and Lemon (1999) Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett (2000) Verhoef, Franses, and Hoekstra (2001) Satisfaction (+), payment equity (+) Satisfaction (0), payment equity (0) Effect depends on relationship orientation of customer Customer share Quadratic effect of satisfaction Observed Customer retention and/or relationship duration Service usage Cross-buying Effect of satisfaction enhanced by relationship age Performance differences with other firms are important Effect of satisfaction moderated by consumer characteristics Effect of satisfaction mediated by future expected service usage Payment equity positively affects satisfaction Performance differences with other firms are important Effect of satisfaction and payment equity enhanced by relationship age Effect on customer retention. Given the previous definition of affective commitment, it might be expected that this type of commitment affects customer retention positively. In line with this, researchers who relate commitment to selfreported behavior, such as purchase intentions, usually find that commitment positively affects customer loyalty (e. g. , Garbarino and Johnson 1999; Morgan and Hunt 1994). However, the appearance of such an effect has recently been questioned (Gruen, Summers, and Acito 2000; MacKenzie, Podsakoff, and Ahearne 1998). Despite this, I hypothesize the following: H1: Affective commitment positively affects customer retention. from a particular supplier (Oliver and Winer 1987). This depends on, among other things, the customer’s satisfaction level. As a consequence, customers who are more satisfied are more likely to remain customers. Thus: H3: Satisfaction positively affects customer retention. Effect on customer share development. Relationship marketing theory posits that because affectively committed customers believe they are connected to the firm, they display positive behavior toward the firm. As a consequence, affectively committed customers are less likely to patronize other firms (Dick and Basu 1994; Morgan and Hunt 1994; Sheth and Parvatiyar 1995). In other words, committed customers are more (less) likely to increase (decrease) their customer share for the focal supplier over a period of time. H2: Affective commitment positively affects customer share development over time. Effect on customer share development. Although a positive relationship between satisfaction and customer share has been demonstrated in a single product category (Bowman and Narayandas 2001), this does not necessarily imply that satisfaction also positively affects customer share development for a multiservice provider. A theoretical explanation for the absence of such an effect could be that positive evaluations of currently consumed products or services do not necessarily transfer to other offered products or services. In other words, satisfied customers are not necessarily more likely to purchase additional products or services (Verhoef, Franses, and Hoekstra 2001). Another explanation is that though customer retention relates to the focal supplier alone, customer share development also involves competing suppliers. As a result, development of a customer’s share might be affected more by the actions of competing suppliers than by the focal firm’s prior performance. Thus, I do not expect satisfaction to have a positive effect on customer share development. Payment Equity Payment equity is defined as a customer’s perceived fairness of the price paid for the firm’s products or services (Bolton and Lemon 1999, p. 73) and is closely related to the customer’s price perceptions. Payment equity is mainly affected by the firm’s pricing policy. As a result of its grounding in fairness, a firm’s payment equity also depends on competitors’ pricing polici es and the relative quality of the offered services or products. Effect on customer retention. Higher payment equity (i. e. , price perceptions) leads to greater perceived utility of the purchased products or services (Bolton and Lemon 1999). As a result of this greater perceived utility, customers should be more likely to remain with the firm. Consequently, payment equity should have a positive effect on customer retention. This is consistent with empirical studies that show that payment equity positively affects customer retention (Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett 2000; Varuki and Colgate 2001). Thus: H4: Payment equity positively affects customer retention. Satisfaction I define satisfaction in this study as the emotional state that occurs as a result of a customer’s interactions with the firm over time (Anderson, Fornell, and Lehmann 1994; Crosby, Evans, and Cowles 1990). Szymanski and Henard’s (2001) meta-analysis shows that satisfaction has a positive impact on self-reported customer loyalty. Despite such positive results in the literature, the link between satisfaction and actual customer loyalty has been questioned (e. . , Jones and Sasser 1995). Researchers have searched for a better understanding of this link and have proposed a nonlinear relationship between satisfaction and customer behavior (e. g. , Anderson and Mittal 2000; Bowman and Narayandas 2001). Other studies have shown tha t relationship age, product usage, variety seeking, switching costs, consumer knowledge, and sociodemographics (e. g. , age, income, gender) moderate the link between satisfaction and customer loyalty (Bolton 1998; Bowman and Narayandas 2001; Capraro, Broniarczyck, and Srivastava 2003; Homburg and Giering 2001; Jones, Mothersbaugh, and Beatty 2001; Mittal and Kamakura 2001). Finally, dynamics during the relationship may also affect this link. Customers update their satisfaction levels using information gathered during new interaction experiences with the firm, and this new information may diminish the effect of prior satisfaction levels (Mazursky and Geva 1989; Mittal, Kumar, and Tsiros 1999). Effect on customer retention. Despite the apparent absence of an empirical link between satisfaction and behavioral customer loyalty, several studies show that satisfaction affects customer retention (Bolton 1998; Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett 2000). The underlying rationale is that customers aim to maximize the subjective utility they obtain Effect on customer share development. Although I expect payment equity to have a positive effect on customer retention, I do not necessarily expect this to be true for customer share development. There are two reasons payment equity may have no effect on customer share development. First, literature on price perceptions suggests that customers with higher price perceptions are more likely to search for better prices (Lichtenstein, Ridgway, and Netemeyer 1993). Intuitively, the suggestion that such customers are less loyal makes sense. For example, customers of discounters (with high scores on price perceptions) are known to visit the greatest number of stores in their search for the best bargain. Customer Relationship Management Efforts / 33 TABLE 2 Studies on Effect of RMIs on Behavioral Loyalty Study Aggregated purchase shares Customer share Cross-sectional survey, perceptions on direct mail use — Aggregated panel data Panel design Loyalty Measure Study Design Study Context Grocery brands Retailing Results Short-term positive effect on purchase rates No effect 34 / Journal of Marketing, October 2003 No empirical data Aggregated penetration, average purchase frequency, customer share, sole buyers Purchase intentions — Retailing — Cross-sectional survey data, perceptions on loyalty program use Longitudinal Cross-sectional survey data, perceptions on preferential treatment programs Airlines Positive effect Customer retention, service usage Customer share Credit card Retailing No effect RMI Direct mail Bawa and Shoemaker (1987) De Wulf, Odekerken-Schroder, and Iacobucci (2001) Loyalty programs Dowling and Uncles (1997) Sharp and Sharp (1997) No convincing effect of loyalty programs Rust, Zeithaml, and Lemon (2000) Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett (2000) Positive effect on retention and service usage De Wulf, Odekerken-Schroder, and Iacobucci (2001) FIGURE 1 Conceptual Model CRPs Satisfaction H3 H4 Payment equity H1 H2 Affective commitment ? Customer share T 1 T0 Customer retention T 1 T0 H6a H6b H5 Loyalty program RMIs Direct mailings Control Variables Customer share T0 Relationship age T0 Type of service purchased T0 According to this reasoning, customers with better price perceptions are more likely to decrease customer share over time. Second, as is satisfaction, a customer’s payment equity is based on the customer’s awareness of the prices of services or products purchased from the focal firm in the past (Bolton, Lemon, and Verhoef 2002). However, the prices of additional services or products from the focal supplier might be different from the currently purchased services or products. Therefore, a high payment equity score may not indicate that the customer will purchase other products or services from the same supplier. As a consequence, I do not expect payment equity to affect customer share development. RMIs Bhattacharya and Bolton (2000) suggest that RMIs are a subset of other marketing instruments that are specifically aimed at facilitating the relationship, and they distinguish between loyalty or reward programs and tailored promotions. In addition, RMIs can be classified according to Berry’s (1995) first two levels of relationship marketing. At the first level (Type I), firms use economic incentives, such as rewards and pricing discounts, to develop the relationship. At the second level (Type II), instruments include more social attributes. By using Type II instruments, firms attempt to give the customer relationship a personal touch. In this study, I focus on two specific Type I RMIs: direct mailings and loyalty programs. Direct mailings usually are personally customized offers on products or services that the customer currently does not purchase. In most cases, price discounts or other sales promotions (e. g. , gadgets) are used to entice the customer to buy. I focus on direct mailings that are a â€Å"call to action† rather than only a reinforcing mechanism for the relationship (e. g. , thank-you letters). The loyalty program I include in the study is a reward program that provides price discounts based on the number of products or services purchased and the length of the relationship. Direct Mailings Direct mailings have some unique characteristics: enablement of personalized offers, no direct competition for the attention of the customer from other advertisements, and a capacity to involve the respondent (Roberts and Berger 1999). Because direct mailings focus on creating additional sales, I do not expect them to influence customer retention. Moreover, the data do not enable me to relate direct mailings to customer retention. Effect on customer share development. There are several theoretical reasons direct mailings should positively influence customer share development. First, direct mailings can create interest in a (new) service and thereby lead to a final purchase (Roberts and Berger 1999). Second, the personalization afforded by direct mailings may increase perceived relationship quality, because customers are approached with individualized communications that appeal to their specific needs and desired manner of fulfilling them (De Wulf, Odekerken-Schroder, and Iacobucci 2001; Hoekstra, Leeflang, and Wittink 1999). Third, according to the sales promotions literature, the short-term rewards (i. e. , price discounts) offered by direct mailings may motivate customers to purchase additional services and thus increase customer share. In support of this claim, Bawa and Shoemaker (1987) report short-term gains in redemption rates of direct mail coupons. I hypothesize the following: H5: Direct mailings positively affect customer share development over time. Loyalty Programs Effect on customer retention and customer share development. There are several theoretical reasons the rewardbased loyalty program being studied should positively affect both customer retention and customer share development. First, psychological investigations show that rewards can be highly motivating (Latham and Locke 1991). Research also shows that people possess a strong drive to behave in whatCustomer Relationship Management Efforts / 35 ever manner necessary to achieve future rewards (Nicholls 1989). According to Roehm, Pullins, and Roehm (2002, p. 203), it is reasonable to assume that during participation in a loyalty program, a customer might be motivated by program incentives to purchase the program sponsor’s brand repeatedly. Second, because the program’s reward structure usually depends on prior customer behavior, loyalty programs can provide barriers to customers’ switching to another supplier. For example, when the reward structure depends on the length of the relationship, customers are less likely to switch (because of a time lag before the same level of rewards can be received from another supplier). It is well known that switching costs are an important antecedent of customer loyalty (Dick and Basu 1994; Klemperer 1995). Despite the theoretical arguments in favor of the positive effect of loyalty programs on customer retention and customer share development, several researchers have questioned this effect (e. g. , Dowling and Uncles 1997; Sharp and Sharp 1997). In contrast, Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett (2000) and Rust, Zeithaml, and Lemon (2000) show that loyalty programs have a significant, positive effect on customer retention and/or service usage. In this study, I build on the theoretical argument in favor of the positive effect that loyalty programs have on customer retention and customer share development. H6: Loyalty program membership positively affects (a) customer retention and (b) customer share development. products, and customer characteristics. In the second (T1) survey, I collected data on customer ownership of various insurance products. Although the company whose data I used offers other products, such as loans, I limited the study to the category of insurance products. The rationale for this limitation is that customers usually buy each type of insurance product from a single insurance carrier (i. e. insurance type X [life insurance] from insurance carrier Y [i. e. , Allianz Life Company]), but this does not necessarily hold for other financial products or services. For example, it is well known that many customers have savings accounts at several financial institutions. Moreover, the insurance market is the most important market for this company in terms of the number of customers and customer turnover (approximately 90%). As a result of this choice, the sample is restricted to those customers who purchase insurance products only from the company. This resulted in a usable sample size of 1677 customers for the first measurement (T0) and 918 for the second measurement (T1). Contents of the Company Customer Database The company’s customer database provided data on the past behavior of individual customers and the company RMIs directed at individual customers. The past customer behavior data cover two periods. The first period starts at the beginning of a relationship between the company and the customer and ends at T0 (this period differs among customers). The data on past customer behavior included variables such as number of insurance policies purchased, type of insurance policies purchased, and relationship length. The second period covers the interval between T0 and T1. For this period, the database provided data about which customers left the company and the number of company insurance policies a customer owned at T1. The company’s customer database contains the following information on RMIs: loyalty program membership at T0 and the number of direct mailings sent between T0 and T1. Every customer who purchases one or more financial Research Methodology Research Design I combined survey data from customers of a Dutch financial services company with data from that company’s customer database. I used a panel design, displayed in Figure 2, to collect the data. I collected the survey data at two points in time: T0 and T1. I used the first (T0) survey to measure CRPs of the company, customer ownership of various insurance FIGURE 2 Panel Design Data from Customer Database Start of Relationship T 0 (Survey 1 Among Customers) T 1 (Survey 2 Among Customers Interviewed in Survey 1) 6 / Journal of Marketing, October 2003 services from the company can become a member of the loyalty program (an opt-in program). At the end of each year, the program gives customers a monetary reward based on the num ber of services purchased and the age of the relationship. Because the company uses regression-type models to select the customers with the highest probability of responding to direct mailings, the number of direct mailings sent differs among customers. Customer Survey Data Collection At T0, customer survey data were collected by telephone from a random sample of 6525 customers of the company. A quota sampling approach was used to obtain a representative sample. I received data from 2300 customers (35% response rate). After those responses with too many missing values were deleted, a sample size of 1986 customers remained. At T1, I again collected data from those customers, except for those who left the company between T0 and T1. In the second data collection effort, 1128 customers were willing to cooperate (65% response rate). To assess nonresponse bias at T1, I tested whether respondents and nonrespondents differed significantly with respect to customer share at T0. A ttest does not reveal a significant difference (p = . 36). Thus, I conclude that there is no nonresponse bias. Measurement of CRPs For the measurement of CRPs (i. e. affective commitment, satisfaction, and payment equity), I adapted existing scales to fit the context of financial services. For the affective commitment scale, I adapted items from the studies of Anderson and Weitz (1992), Garbarino and Johnson (1999), and Kumar, Scheer, and Steenkamp (1995). To measure satisfac tion, I adapted Singh’s (1990) scale and added four new items. Finally, I based the payment equity scale on items adapted from Bolton and Lemon’s (1999) and Singh’s (1990) studies. To assess construct validity and clarify wording, the original scales were tested by a group of 12 marketing academics and 3 marketing practitioners familiar with customer relationships. Subsequently, the scales were tested by a random sample of 200 customers of the company. On the basis of interitem correlations, item-to-total correlations, coefficient alpha, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, I reduced the set of items in each scale. 1 1I follow Steenkamp and van Trijp’s (1991) proposed method, using exploratory factor analysis and then confirmatory factor analysis to validate marketing constructs. Validation of CRPs The final measures are reported in the Appendix. The scales for commitment and satisfaction have reasonable coefficient alphas. For payment equity, I report a correlation coefficient of . 49, which is not considerably high. 2 However, note that the reported composite reliabilities of all scales are sufficient (Bagozzi and Yi 1988). I applied confirmatory factor analysis in Lisrel 83 to further assess the quality of the measures (Joreskog and Sorbom 1993), and I achieved the following model fit: ? 2 = 217. 4 (degrees of freedom [d. f. ]) = 51, p . 10; ? = . 03, p gt; . 10; customer share development: ? = . 01, p gt; . 10; ? = –. 01, p gt; . 10). In addition, I reestimated both models, leaving out satisfaction and payment equity. The parameter estimates for commitment were significant in both models (customer retention: ? = . 17, p lt; . 05; customer share development: ? = . 02, p lt; . 01). Finally, I estimated a regression model in which I related satisfaction and payment equity to commitment. The parameters of both satisfaction and payment equity were positive and significant (? = . 61, p lt; . 01; ? = . 09, p

Business Research and Communication

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Research and Communication. Answer: Introduction Labels can be illusory, therefore the people requires to cautious about the labelling of the products (Action to reduce animal testing, 2006). No precise rules and legislationsexist on the subject of cruelty-free labelling of the goods; consequently organisations can obtain independence in their resting purpose. At the same time it is doubtful that a corporation would placedeliberatelyfake information concerning its animal-testing tradition on theirgoods, declarations on the labels can be deceptive and not completelyuseful and enlightening.To make a better product market and for develop effective research and development of their products most of the company utilizes the animal for their testing purpose. In most of the cases it can be observed that food product, drug product and chemical production companies mostly utilize the animals for their testing purposes(Abbott, 2009). Due to the lack of rule and regulation in the cruelty free labelling the organisation constantly enhances the ir research and development of their products depending on the animal testing procedure. Animal testing can be defined as an animal research or testing within vivo testing methods. To control over the different variables which may affect the biological and behaviour system under this research this vivo testing has been obtained for non human animals. Mostly it can be observed that the animal testing is took place in the medical schools, universities, pharmaceutical companies etc(Coster, 2011). To research on the matter of cosmetics, defence, breeding and toxicology the researcher often uses the animal testing process in their research. According to the market research it can be observed that almost 93% of research on this sector is used different species of animal in their research process in EU. In US there is no such relevant legislation and rules against this matter. Willingness to pay (WTP) is defined as the utmost quantity a person is eager to give up obtaining a good or keep away from somewhat unwanted. The value of any products deal will therefore be any point among a purchaser's eagerness to disburse and a vendor's eagerness to admit. Main Body Analysis Toxicity experiments to evaluate the security of items and chemicals were produced in the mid of twentieth century. To calculate and measure the toxic part within the product and to analyse the harsh chemical effects on the people the researcher most of the time incorporates their research on eyes or in the skin of rabbit or other animals (the scandalous Draize test), and lethal dose (LD50) tests that decide poisonous quality by the dose of a substance (Hajar, 2011). These primordial creature test techniques are, unfortunately, still being used these days. Numerous researchers keep on relying on creature tests, and administrative offices still command information gathered from creature tests, in substantial part since that is the thing that custom and ebb and flow laws direct. As an outcome, the lives of a huge number of our kindred animals keep on being relinquished, and our own particular security traded off. The poisonous quality testing for some writes of items still includes testing on animals. Items are tried on creatures for three reasons: security (this slot in right item identification), viability and obligation. Numerous things acquired and utilized by purchasers consistently, for example, family chemicals, beautifying agents, medications and pesticides, are subjected to government controls requiring that they "protected" for people, creatures and the earth(Hester and Harrison, 2006). Makers are in charge of submitting security test information to organizations, and this regularly includes directing harmfulness tests on the items and/or their fixings before they enter the commercial centre. Administrative offices figure out if the information is adequate for naming and showcasing the item. Numerous items are tried for security to meet lawful prerequisites to distinguish potential perils to people, creatures and nature. Indeed, even non-directed items, for example, Drugs proposed f or human or creature use are furthermore tried for adequacy (i.e., viability in treating a condition or illness). This testing ordinarily includes creature models also. Beauty care products are normally tested by the animals for wellbeing with the end goal of risk. Organizations would prefer not to showcase an item that could bring about lawful cases (Judson, 2006). For medications, office endorsement to lead human testing in clinical trials commonly requires an organization to present the outcomes according to the animal research study information and toxicity information. In US there are some regulatory agency those who purview the matter to protection measurement based on the toxicity tests. According to the Food and Drug Administration it can be assessed thatproducts like drugs, medical devices, food additives, vaccines are regulated(Maguire and Novik, 2010). On the other hand, according to the environmental protection agency of US products like anti microbial cleanser, chemical and chemical ingredients in industry are regulated. Consumer Product Safety Commission of US also regulated chemical contains household and consumer products. Due to the use of excessive test on animals it may reduce the customers buying behaviour due to the cruelty issues. By maintain the cruelty free environment within their research and development process an organisation can attract more customersby sustainable way in their business process. The cruelty free test is considered as a test by which the animal did not get any kind of pain or harm at the time of research process. Due to the different research and development process it can be stated that millions of animals were killed by the researcher in every year. To promote the cruelty free campaign programme and attract more customers for buying products in the year 1991 European Centre for the Validation and alternative methods had been established. The Draize test intended to skin irritancy that was initially presented in the year 1944. It has been utilized to gauge the incendiary reaction delivered at that time, a test material is connected to the sheared and rubbed skin of a gathering of animals, and might bring about extraordinary agony, smouldering and tingling(Reinhardt, 1994). The uplifting news is that the utilization of this testing technique has been to a great extent supplanted with accepted option strategies. Skin is scraped by immovably squeezing sticky tape onto the creature's body and rapidly stripping it off, and is rehashed until a few layers of skin have been evacuated. The Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Pesticide Programs, for instance, depends on information from the Local Lymph Node Assay. An additional conventional animal poisonous quality test is named as LD50 test, which remains for the deadly measurements of a given test substance in half of the tests animal populace. The experiment, performed mostly on rats mice, is regularly used to assess the human wellbeing aims of intense oral systemic harmfulness where animal subjects are coercively fed oral dosages of the substance being tried(Russell, 2013). Numerous researchers declared that the oral LD50 experiment has little pertinence to assessing the human wellbeing of stuff, and a few offices and worldwide associations have pulled back their necessity for this kind of test information. This oral systemic test is utilized as a general marker of the general relative poisonous quality of a substance. There are several problems regarding the animal tests. Due to the several ethical concern and rising people conflicts regarding the animal testing the researcher has discover some fresh and new strategies in their research process by which they can easily obtained their desired outcomes in a proper and easier way. Experiments in animals body are not generally prescient of human wellbeing impacts. The best experiments for human poisonous quality would be directed utilizing people that are totally dishonest(Sepahban, n.d.). In any case, science has significantly progressed since the advancement of the animal tests that are still being used in the present day. Cell society, sub-atomic and computation strategies are at present very much created experimental instruments. Poisonous quality testing, in any case, has not had the criticalness and backing of government financing programs that ailment based exploration has appreciated, in spite of the fact that this appears to have enhanced in the course of recent years. Truth be told, it is assessed that there is a build-up of over than 80,000 chemicals for which possible toxicity is generally difficult to understand(Watson, 2009). Numerous chemicals utilized as a part of items today have not been tried, so their wellbeing is to great extent obscure and new chemicals and items are entering the commercial centre at a continually expanding pace(Welsh, 1990). The animal experiments are moderate and costly, and wellbeing testing utilizing existing strategies can't stay aware of the interest. Gap in Literature Apart from this literature section it can be said that, the researcher find some additional recommendation about this animal testing and its influence on the consumer behaviour. After analysis of this literature section the researcher identifies that there are some gaps in the research hypothesis by which the research cannot make a successful outcome in the study process. To maintain an effective outcome in the research the researcher recommended that, apart from the alternative use of animal testing the researcher or research and development team of every organisation could test their research on food animals. To the large number of production and breeding for consumption it cannot affect the ecological system of the world. By testing the whole research on the food animals could mitigate the problem regarding the animal testing issues and cruelty free legal policies. Conclusion According to the above study it can be depicted that consumer behaviour of the buyer is very much depends on the label against animal testing. Development toward displacing the LD50 assessment with option non-animal strategies has been continuous, yet the test includes poisonous quality to the entire living being, and is along these lines organically. By obtaining different tools and techniques in research development and testing purpose instead of animal testing would attract more customers for buying the product safely and securely. References Abbott, A. (2009). The lowdown on animal testing for cosmetics.Nature. Action to reduce animal testing.(2006). Veterinary Record, 159(2), pp.31-31. Coster, P. (2011).The debate about animal testing. New York, NY: Rosen Central. Hajar, R. (2011). Alternative to animal testing.Heart Views, 12(1), p.39. Hajar, R. (2011). Animal testing and medicine.Heart Views, 12(1), p.42. Hayhurst, C. (2000). Animal testing. New York: Rosen Pub. Group. Hester, R. and Harrison, R. (2006).Alternatives to animal testing. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. Judson, K. (2006). Animal testing. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. Maguire, T. and Novik, E. (2010).Methods in bioengineering. Boston, Mass.: Artech House. Reinhardt, C. (1994). Alternatives to animal testing.Weinheim: VCH. Russell, J. (2013). Animal testing. [Place of publication not identified]: Book On Demand Ltd. Sepahban, L. (n.d.). Animal testing. Watson, S. (2009). Animal testing. New York: Rosen Pub. Welsh, H. (1990). Animal testing and consumer products. Washington, DC: Investor Responsibility Research Center.